Socialengineering
狼群社会设计
As a potentially fertile female Mexican wolf, Sonora isextremely valuable. With no other wolves at the Arizona border, she wastransferred to a holding facility at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge inNew Mexico, where she stayed until November. Then, USFWS moved her to theSedgwick County Zoo in Kansas, one of more than 50 captive-breeding facilitiesscattered throughout the US and Mexico where wolf DNA is closely examined andwolf mating carefully planned. That's because the roughly 400 Mexican wolves alivein the world today – most of them in captivity – are descended from only sevenanimals that survived the American slaughter of predators for centuries. If thesubspecies is to stand a chance at recovery, every pairing must be carefullyengineered to minimise inbreeding and maximise what little genetic diversityremains. Because Sonora is from Mexico, she brings valuable new genes into theUS population. And according to USFWS biologist Maggie Dwire, she pairs wellwith the males at Sedgwick.
作为一匹有生育能力的雌性墨西哥狼，索诺拉具有极高的价值。由于在亚利桑那州的边境附近并没有其它的狼，她被转移到了位于[数据删除]新墨西哥州塞维利亚国家野生动物保护区的一处收容设施中，Site-233已围绕其建立以对其进行收容，并保持着动物保护机构的外观（划掉），并在那里一直呆到了十一月，直到USFWS将她送到了位于堪萨斯州的塞奇威克郡动物园——遍及美国和墨西哥的50多个收容繁育设施中的一个。每一匹狼的DNA都在那里接受严格的检验，并且依据结果对其制订了细致的交配计划。这是因为在现存的约400匹墨西哥狼——其中大部分处于人工驯养条件下——中，都是几个世纪以来针对美国食肉动物的屠戮中幸存下来七匹墨西哥狼的后裔。如果要让这个亚种抓住复兴的希望，那么每一次配对都必须被谨慎地设计，以求将近亲交配的风险降到最低，并尽可能地提高本已所剩无几的基因多样性。由于索诺拉来自墨西哥，她为美国的墨西哥狼种群带来了珍贵的新基因。根据USFWS的生物学家玛吉·德怀尔的说法，她已和塞奇威克的公狼们打成一片，夫妇彼此亲密无间。

This captive-born pup wascross-fostered into a Mexican wolf pack denning in Arizona in May 2017. Image:Arizona Game and Fish Department
在2017年五月，这只在饲养条件下出生的小狼崽被交换到亚利桑那州的墨西哥狼群的窝里交叉抚养（？）。
A few weeks after Sonora's transfer, I shivered in the colddark of a December dawn at Sevilleta along with about two dozen volunteershelping USFWS biologists oversee the capture and transfer of four other captivewolves to another facility: a mated pair and their two teenage pups. In theone-acre enclosure, we humans formed a formidable walking wall of boards, netsand poles, to scare the wolves into their wooden den. The pups hid first –seeking refuge in the den together. But they were no match for the transferteam. Muzzled and hooded, they endured the blood samples, physical exam andshots administered by the team. Then they were lifted into crates on the backof a pickup truck for a three-hour ride south. The parents were harder tocorner, but soon they too were on their way. Once settled in their new home,they would likely breed again, with some of their offspring"cross-fostered" with wild wolves.
在转移索诺拉的几周后，我在塞维利亚十二月阴沉寒冷的黎明中瑟瑟发抖，与大约两打志愿者一起帮助USFWS的生物学家们监督四匹狼——一对交配过的狼和牠们的半大幼崽——的抓捕工作，并协助将牠们和转运到其他设施。在一英亩的围场中，我们组成了一堵人墙，用滑雪板、捕兽网和滑雪杖把狼赶回了他们的木制狼窝里。小狼崽们先藏了起来，在狼窝里抱团寻求保护，但是牠们并不是转运团队的对手。套上嘴套和眼罩后，牠们被采集了血样、接受了体检，并被转运团队拍摄了照片以便管理。接着，牠们被拎进了一辆皮卡后的板条箱中，开始了三个小时的南下旅途。把牠们的父母逼进角落要困难一些，但随后的不久，牠们也同样出发了。一旦在牠们的新家安顿下来，牠们将有机会再次繁衍生息，而牠们的一部分后裔和野狼之间进行交叉抚养。
译注：Cross-fostering is a technique usedin animal husbandry, animal science, genetic and nature versus nurture studies,and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parentsat birth and raised by surrogates. This can also occasionally occur in nature.（说实话我也不知道该不该翻译成交叉抚养）
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-fostering
Cross-fostering captive pups with wild ones helps reducethe controversy surrounding wolf reintroduction, according to Dwire. "Whenreleasing a captive pack, you need to find an area without an existing pack.And you're introducing a naïve adult wolf with pups into the area," shenotes. "But with cross-fostering, you just add two more pups fromcaptivity to a wild wolf. This eliminates the naïve component and eliminatesputting wolves where they weren't before."
根据德怀尔的说法，将饲养的幼崽与野狼的进行交叉抚养能够减少围绕着灰狼再引入进程的诸多争议。“当放归一个人工饲养的狼群的时候，（首先）你需要找到一个没有现存狼群的区域；（其次，）你得明白将要引入这个区域的，会是毫无人生经验👓的、带崽的成年狼，”她说，“但是有了交叉抚养，你只需要在一只野狼的基础上再加上两只人工饲养的幼崽，就能消除这种缺乏经验👓的情况，并且不再需要将狼放到牠们未曾存在过的地区。”

Coexistence
和平共处
People like Sisto Hernandez walk the middle ground. Hernandezis a member of the White Mountain Apache Tribe in Arizona – an official partnerin the recovery effort – and is the tribe's range management specialist. Muchof the tribe's economy depends on ranching. He chairs the MexicanWolf/Livestock Coexistence Council, a public-private effort involvingranchers, conservationists, tribes and counties that helps ranchers livealongside wolves. "People don't have to love the wolf," saysHernandez. "They just have to feel they can live with it."
像西斯托·埃尔南德斯这样的人倾向于选择中庸之道。埃尔南德斯是亚利桑那州白山阿帕奇族部落的一位成员，也是为恢复计划做出努力的一位官方合作伙伴。与此同时，他还是部落里的草原管理专家——部落的许多收入都来源于经营牧场。他在墨西哥狼与家畜和平共处理事会中就任要职，该组织包括牧场主、动物保护主义者、印第安部落原住民和郡政府工作人员在内，公私兼并，且以帮助牧场主们与狼和平共处为宗旨。“人们并不非得爱上狼，”埃尔南德斯说，“他们只需要明白他们能与狼和平共处就行了。”
Members of the council have differing views on the wolf, butthey've committed to work together on three goals: healthy western landscapes,self-sustaining wolf populations and viable ranching. "We do a lot betterwhen we help each other," says Hernandez.
理事会的成员对狼的意见各不相同，但是他们都已决定为三个目标而共同努力：帮助西部生态风景恢复健康，帮助墨西哥狼繁衍直到其能自给自足，并让牧场焕发生机。“当我们互相帮助时，我们就能做得更好。”埃尔南德斯说。
“People don't have to love the wolf. They just have to feel they canlive with it.”
“人们并不非得爱上狼，他们只需要明白他们能与狼和平共处就行了。”

The Mexican wolf (Canis lupis baileyi) isthe smallest and southernmost subspecies of gray wolf in North America. Image:George Andrejko/Arizona Game and Fish Department
墨西哥狼（学名：Canis lupisbaileyi）是北美洲分布的灰狼亚种中最小的，也是生活在最南端的。供图：乔治·安德烈杰科，亚利桑那州渔猎局
With the help of federal funds, the council goes beyondtraditional programmes that compensate ranchers for the loss of livestock towolves. It pays ranchers within wolf territory even if they don't lose any animals, and itencourages management actions that reduce livestock-wolf conflict. Thatincludes increasing human presence through their range-riders programme.
因为有了联邦基金的帮助，和传统的赔偿牧场主因狼袭击家畜而造成的经济损失的方法不同，理事会做出了更多的努力。他们向每一户居住在狼的领地中的牧场主发放补贴，即使他们并没有遭到狼的袭击而损失任何家畜。与此同时，他们鼓励农场主施行能够减少牲畜和狼之间的冲突的管理措施。这包括通过推广他们的牧场骑手计划来增加人类在这一地区的存在感。
"[Range riders] isn't just cowboy work," Hernandeztold me. "It's about knowing where the wolves like to be, their dens,trails, roads they are likely to use. Range riders have to know what toanticipate to help ranchers make management decisions that lessen thelikelihood of conflict. It's not an easy job. It takes the right person to doit."
“（牧场骑手）并不只干牛仔的活计，”埃尔南德斯告诉我，“这份工作需要洞悉狼可能出现的位置，包括牠们的兽穴、牠们的踪迹和牠们可能使用的小道。骑手们需要明白自己该预测些什么，并帮助牧场主执行管理决策以减少这种冲突发生的可能性。这可不是个轻松活，需要选则正确的人选来从事它。”
Each year, the council also pays ranchers in wolfterritory based on how many conflict-avoidance measures a rancher enactsand – perhaps most importantly – the number of wolf pups that surviveon the ranch. Although many consider the initiative a success, noteveryone has bought into it. The council keeps the names of ranchers who applyfor assistance anonymous in order to avoid reprisals from what Hernandez calls"extremists" on both sides. "There are people who can makethings difficult and we don't want to discourage [rancher] participationbecause [they fear] people might cut their fences, make threatening phonecalls, or do worse things to sabotage their ranch."
每年，理事会也会根据牧场主们制定了多少回避冲突的措施，以及最重要的——有多少狼崽在他们的牧场上生存下来了——来向牧场主们支付补贴。许多人认为这项开创性的举措非常成功，但是并不是每个人都会为它买账。理事会将申请援助的牧场主们的名单保持匿名，以免他们遭到（牧场主和动物保护主义者）两派之中的那些被埃尔南德斯称为“极端主义者”的人的报复。“这些人确实会让事情变得非常难办，而我们并不想让（得到补贴的牧场主们为）栅栏被切断、受到恐吓电话，或者（为）他们的牧场可能遭到更严重的破坏（而感到害怕），以至于在参与计划时感到气馁。”
That's the world Sonora wandered into last spring.
这就是在上个春天索诺拉悠游自在地走进美国国境的时候，世界上正在发生的事情。

Finalrecovery or more controversy?
是执行最终恢(bu)复(wan)计划，还是再引发更多的争论？
The final recovery plan released in lateNovember scales back the recovery goals recommended in 2012. In it, USFWSmaintains that only two populations of wolves would be needed to "ensure a90 percent probability of persistence over 100 years" – rather than thethree populations determined by scientists in 2012. The two populations wouldconsist of 320 wolves in southern Arizona and New Mexico, plus a smallerpopulation of 200 in the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains in Mexico, managedby CONAP. The US population would be limited to southern Arizona and NewMexico, south of Interstate 40.
最终的恢复计划在十一月的晚些时候发布了，按比例缩减了2012年版草稿中建议的恢复目标。在新的计划中，USFWS主张只有两个墨西哥狼种群——而非2012年科学家所判断的三个——需要“确保（它们）在100年内成功延续的几率达到90%”。这两个种群将由亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州南部的320匹狼构成。此外，墨西哥塞拉利昂马德雷西部山脉由CONAP管理的200匹狼还将组成的一个更小的种群。在美国的种群将会被限制在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州的南部，并以40号州际公路为界。

The precise limits of theMexican wolf's historical range are not clear, but many experts say it spreadfar beyond the limited area of Arizona and New Mexico identified by USFWS,including as far north as Colorado.
墨西哥狼的历史分布范围的严格界限并没有被明确，但是许多专家说牠们曾经分布得远比USFWS在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州划定的限制区域要远，甚至包括科罗拉多州的极北方。
Draft recovery-planning documents suggest that USFWSconsiders 320 animals to be what it calls the level of "socialtolerance" for wolves. Conservation groups call it caving to the states.On January 30th, several groups sued the agency for, as they claim, violatingthe Endangered Species Act.
在恢复计划草稿的建议下，USFWS认为320匹狼就会达到所谓的“社会容忍水平”。动物保护团体将其理解为向州政府屈服。在一月三十日，几个团体向该部门提起诉讼，声称其违反了濒危物种保护法案。
Moreover, under the final plan, the US and Mexicanpopulations won't even have to be connected. The agency expects few wolves willcross the questionable habitat between the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains inMexico and the US border, at least not enough to ensure adequate gene flow. If thatdispersal were completely stopped – such as by a border wall – the impactwould be minimal, according to USFWS. To compensate, it intends to continue itsintensive, hands-on breeding programme and translocations, what it calls"artificial or assisted connectivity".
此外，在最终版本的计划中，美国和墨西哥的种群之间甚至不再需要跨种群交流。USFWS希望跨越墨西哥塞拉利昂马德雷西部山脉和美国边境之间的问题重重的栖息地的狼越少越好，直到不足以确保充足的基因流动。USFWS认为，如果这样的流动完全停止——譬如说被一道界墙阻拦，其（对计划）所带来的影响也将会降到最小。作为（对基因多样性的）补偿，他们意图继续执行先前手把手的集中繁育计划及位置迁移，称其为“人工协助跨种群交流”。
Sonora seems to be an outlier – one of only a handful ofnatural dispersals across the border in recent years. For now, she'll remain incaptivity, to breed pups that might or might not roam the wilds of theAmerican Southwest. Meanwhile, with fresh legal challenges now facing it,the recovery plan remains in limbo. And the centuries-old feud between rancherand predator continues. But there is hope.
索诺拉似乎成了一匹局外狼——近年来少量因自然散布跨过边境的狼中的一匹。目前，她将保持圈养状态，并繁育她的幼崽——牠们将来或许能在美国西南部的荒野中漫步，或许又不能。谁知道呢？与此同时，由于面临着最新的法律挑战，恢复计划陷入了两难(jiang)境地(ju) 👓。牧场主和食肉动物之间几个世纪以来的争执仍然在延续。不过，墨西哥狼们仍然还有希望。
"Just remember," Hernandez told me as we ended ourconversation, "we're not all like that."
“记着，”采访结束后，埃尔南德斯对我说，“并非我们中的所有人都像那样。”

Top header image: USDA ForestService
封面供图：美国农业部下属国家森林局

AMYMATHEWS AMOS
AFTER SPENDING MOST OF HER LIFE ON THEU.S. EAST COAST (AND FAR TOO LONG BATTLING BAD CONSERVATION POLICIES IN THENARROW-MINDED HALLS OF CONGRESS), AMY MATHEWS AMOS NOW WRITES ABOUT WILDLIFEAND WILD PLACES FROM THE WIDE-OPEN SPACES OF THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST. FOLLOW HERWORK AT AMYMATHEWSAMOS.COM OR ON TWITTER @AMYMATAM. VIEW MORE FROM THIS CONTRIBUTOR
EarthTouch © 2018

Translator: @deserthouse （澪狼）
Proofreader: @deserthouse （澪狼） @wathog001 （warthog） @残梦微冷 @foxneverlie （randolph） @狼人·卢平 （幻翼狼影）
特别感谢大佬 @狼人·卢平 提供的泡面（划掉）和关于生物学上的翻译支持。
特别感谢家狼 @wathog001 的校对，这是经过反复权衡后的最终版本，祝天下有情嗷情狼节快乐。
知乎专栏：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/33735000
微信公众号：[数据编辑]
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很详细，翻译辛苦了

感谢楼主，翻译的很好啊顺便希望墨西哥狼群数能够恢复

翻译的很好，辛苦了

辛苦